Transmedia Storytelling (ART PROJECT)

The objective of this Project was to make a research about an important period in Art History. The Project involved different stages, from research to making a Transmedia Production.


Students were assigned four periods: Romanticism, Neo-classisim, Realism, and Impressionism. 


They investigated about general things about them. Then, they wanted to know more about Impressionism. Although,this theme is slightly difficult to understand, they were interested, because they wanted to know about it.


They searched for the information through internet in the Ipads and wrote a summary. After that, they started talking about it as a story. They created their own dialogues and their characters to represent it on their assembly.

IMPRESIONISMO

El término Impresionismo se aplica en diferentes artes como la música y la literatura, su vertiente más conocida, y aquella que fue la precursora, es la pintura impresionista. El movimiento plástico impresionista se desarrolló a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX en Europa —principalmente en Francia— caracterizado, a grandes rasgos, por el intento de plasmar la luz (la «impresión» visual) y el instante, sin reparar en la identidad de aquello que la proyectaba. Es decir, si sus antecesores pintabanformas con identidad, los impresionistas pintarán el momento de luz, más allá de las formas que subyacen bajo este. El movimiento fue bautizado por la crítica como Impresionismo con ironía y escepticismo respecto al cuadro de Monet Impresión: sol naciente. Siendo diametralmente opuesto a la pintura metafísica, su importancia es clave en el desarrollo del arte posterior, especialmente del postimpresionismo y las vanguardias.

Édouard Manet

Édouard Manet

Édouard Manet nació en París el 23 de enero de 1832, en una familia acomodada.

Primeros años

Sus días escolares pasaron sin acontecimientos destacables y terminó su formación sin obtener la calificación necesaria para estudiar derecho, para decepción de su padre, que era magistrado.

A los dieciséis años viajó a Río de Janeiro como marinero en prácticas, con intención de ingresar en la Academia Naval Francesa.

Se interesa por el arte

Cuando vio que su proyecto no tenía éxito decidió dedicarse al arte, pasando a su regreso, hacia 1850, casi seis años como alumno deThomas Couture, un pintor muy estrecho de miras como profesor. Allí estuvo durante casi seis años y, al mismo tiempo, pudo copiar en el Louvre cuadros no sólo de Tiziano yRembrandt, sino también de Goya, Delacroix, Courbet y Daumier. De Couture aprendió que para ser un gran maestro hay que escuchar las enseñanzas de los que lo han sido en el pasado, pero por desgracia, Couture era un antirrealista fanático y convencido. Enfurecido por las mofas que Manet hacía con respecto al Premio de Roma, Couture le dijo que nunca llegaría a ser otra cosa que el Théodore Rousseau de su época. Después de esto, Manet hizo su propia síntesis personal de la historia de la pintura y de lo que podía aprender viendograbados japoneses. Y es que el pintor fue siempre un extraño ecléctico.

Técnica y estética impresionista  

Colores puros

La segunda mitad del siglo XIX presenció importantes evoluciones científicas y técnicas que permitieron la creación de nuevos pigmentos con los que los pintores darían nuevos colores a su pintura, generalmente al óleo. Los pintores consiguieron una pureza y saturación del color hasta entonces impensables, en ocasiones, con productos no naturales. A partir del uso de colores puros o saturados, los artistas dieron lugar a la ley del contraste cromático, es decir: «todo color es relativo a los colores que le rodean», y la ley de colores complementarios enriqueciendo el uso de colores puros bajo contrastes, generalmente de fríos y cálidos. Las sombras pasaron de estar compuestas por colores oscuros a estar compuestas por colores fríos o desaturados que, a la vez, creaban ilusión de profundidad. Del mismo modo, las luces pasaron de ser claras a ser saturadas y cálidas, resaltando del fondo. Podemos decir que, rompiendo con la dinámica clásica del claroscuro, más propio del dibujo, una sombra podría ser más intensa, clara y saturada que una luz y, sin embargo, seguir creando ilusión de sombra y profundidad. Asimismo enriquecieron el lenguaje plástico separando los recursos propios del dibujo y aplicando únicamente los recursos propios de la pintura: es decir, el color. Para definir la forma, su riqueza de color les permitió afinar el volumen mediante más matices lumínicos, creando luces dentro de las zonas de sombra y sombras dentro de las zonas iluminadas recurriendo únicamente al uso del color. Un buen ejemplo del uso de los colores saturados para luces y sombras indistintamente lo encontramos en el cuadro La catedral de Ruan de Claude Monet al lado. Este uso de los colores sería absorbido después por las primeras vanguardias, especialmente por el fovismo de Matisse o Gauguin.

Forma

Auguste Renoir, La Balançoire. La plasmación de la luz sobre el cuerpo es más importante que la descripción de su forma.

La descripción de la forma, relegada a segundo plano y dejada a manos del dibujante y no del pintorqueda subordinada a la definición de las condiciones particulares de iluminación. Por eso los artistas impresionistas buscarán condiciones pintorescas de iluminación como retos a su genio, recurriendo a iluminaciones de interior por luz artificial —como Edgar Degas y sus bailarinas—, la iluminación natural filtrada —como Auguste Renoir y la luz pasando entre hojas de árboles— o la iluminación al aire libre con reflejos en el agua o multitudes de gente como Claude Monet. La pintura pasa a ocuparse de aquello que le es intrínseco: la luz y el color y en ningún caso a la descripción formal del volumen heredada delclasicismo; Así las formas se diluyen, se mezclan o se separan de forma imprecisa dependiendo de la luz a la que están sometidas, dando lugar a esa «impresión» que le da nombre al movimiento.

[editar]Variantes en la estética impresionista

No todos los pintores del grupo fueron iguales y, ni mucho menos, fielmente ortodoxos con respecto a la estética impresionista. Las sólidas estructuras de luz y sombra de Eduard Manet fueron realizadas en su mayoría en interiores, después de muchos estudios preliminares, y tienen la dicción formal del arte de estudio, no la frescura de la pintura al aire libre. La atmósfera y el color local no eran, ni mucho menos, sus objetivos primordiales, y cuando representaba lo que parece, a primera vista, un tema «impresionista» era capaz de cargarlo con tantas ironías y contradicciones que llegaba a empañar toda su inmediatez.

Dejando aparte a Berthe Morisot, el pintor del grupo que más se le aproxima es Edgar Degas, con una pintura difícil de comprender por su aguda inteligencia, sus intrigantes mezclas de categorías, sus influencias poco convencionales y, sobre todo, su tan traída y tan llevada «frialdad», aquella fría y precisa objetividad que fue una de las máscaras de su infatigable poder de deliberación estética.

Claude Monet, Catedral de Ruan. En la entrada principal de la catedral distinguimosazul ultramar y violeta para las sombras (colores más saturados que la parte superior, más iluminada) al igual que naranjadentro de la misma zona de sombra para definir los reflejos en la oscuridad. 

De hecho, ningún pintor del grupo es tan puramente impresionista como Claude Monet. En su obra el factor dominante es un claro esfuerzo por incorporar el nuevo modo de visión, sobre todo el carácter de la luz, mientras que la composición de grandes masas y superficies sirve únicamente para establecer cierta coherencia.

Romanticism

Romantisism

Third grades loocked for information about the topic and they found the following text. They are very enthusiastic with the assembly project. We are going to be upgrading our progress on this new task.

We hope you like it.

If you want to share more information, please leave a comment. Thank you.

Romanticism

Romanticism began in the late 18th century and ended in the mid 19th century. The Romantic movement can be described as a reaction against Neoclassicim in which the style is full of emotion and beauty with many individualistic and exotic elements. Romantic art portrays emotions painted in a bold and dramatic manner, and there is often an emphasis on the past. Romantic artists often use melancholic themes and dramatic tragedy. Paintings by famous Romantic artists such as Gericault and Delacroix are filled with energetic brushstrokes, rich colors, and emotive subject matters. The German landscape painter Caspar David Friedrich created images of solitary loneliness whereas in Spain, Francisco Goya conveyed the horrors of war in his works. This demonstrates the variety in subject matter, but the emphasis on drama and emotion. The Pre-Raphaelite movement succeeded Romanticism, and Impressionism is firmly rooted in the Romantic tradition. Other famous Romantic artists include George Stubbs, William Blake, John Margin, John Constable, JMW Turner, and Sir Thomas Lawrence.

Romanticism is thought of as complex and confusing, with great contradictions that range from rebellion and revolutionary ideas to the return of the Catholic and monarchial tradition^. With respect to political liberty, some understood it merely as the restoration of the ideological, patriotic, and religious values that the 18th century rationalists had tried to suppress. They exalted Christianity, throne, and country as supreme values. In this "traditional Romanticism" camp one would place Walter Scott in Scotland, Chateaubriandin France, and the Duke of Rivas and José Zorrilla in Spain. It was based on the ideology of the restoration of absolute monarchy in Spain, which originated after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte, and defended the traditional values represented by Church and State. On the other hand, other Romantics, as free citizens, fought the entire established order in religion, art, and politics. They proclaimed the rights of the individual over and against society and the law. They represented "revolutionary" or "liberal" Romanticism, and their most notable members were Lord Byron, in England, Victor Hugo, in France, and José de Espronceda, in Spain. The movement's three underlying ideas were: the quest for and justification of "irrational" understanding, which reason denies, Hegelian dialectic, and historicismo.

Romanticism (or the Romantic era/Period) was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and natural history.

The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and terror, and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, made spontaneity a desirable characteristic (as in the musical impromptu), and argued for a "natural" epistemology of human activities as conditioned by nature in the form of language and customary usage.

Romanticism reached beyond the rational and Classicist ideal models to elevate a revived medievalism and elements of art and narrative perceived to be authentically medieval, in an attempt to escape the confines of population growth, urban sprawl, and industrialism, and it also attempted to embrace the exotic, unfamiliar, and distant in modes more authentic than Rococo chinoiserie, harnessing the power of the imagination to envision and to escape.

The modern sense of a romantic character may be expressed in Byronic ideals of a gifted, perhaps misunderstood loner, creatively following the dictates of his inspiration rather than the standard ways of contemporary society.

Although the movement was rooted in the German Sturm und Drang movement, which prized intuition and emotion over Enlightenment rationalism, the ideologies and events of the French Revolution laid the background from which both Romanticism and the Counter-Enlightenment emerged. The confines of the Industrial Revolution also had their influence on Romanticism, which was in part an escape from modern realities; indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, "Realism" was offered as a polarized opposite to Romanticism. Romanticism elevated the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individualists and artists, whose pioneering examples would elevate society. It also legitimized the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom from classical notions of form in art. There was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas.

Although the term "Romanticism" when applied to music has come to imply the period roughly from the 1820s until around 1900, the contemporary application of "romantic" to music did not coincide with this modern interpretation. In 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann called Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven the three "Romantic Composers", and Ludwig Spohr used the term "good Romantic style" to apply to parts of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. Technically, Mozart and Haydn are considered Classical composers, and by most standards, Beethoven represents the start of the musical Romantic period. By the early 20th century, the sense that there had been a decisive break with the musical past led to the establishment of the 19th century as "The Romantic Era", and it is referred to as such in the standard encyclopedias of music.

In literature, Romanticism found recurrent themes in the evocation or criticism of the past, the cult of "sensibility" with its emphasis on women and children, the heroic isolation of the artist or narrator, and respect for a new, wilder, untrammeled and "pure" nature. Furthermore, several romantic authors, such as Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne, based their writings on the supernatural/occult and human psychology. Romanticism also helped in the emergence of new ideas and in the process led to the emergence of positive voices that were beneficial for the marginalized sections of the society.

The roots of romanticism in poetry go back to the time of Alexander Pope (1688–1744). Early pioneers include Joseph Warton (headmaster at Winchester College) and his brother Thomas Warton, professor of Poetry at Oxford University. Joseph maintained that invention and imagination were the chief qualities of a poet. The "poet's poet" Thomas Chatterton is generally considered to be the first Romantic poet in English. The Scottish poet James Macpherson influenced the early development of Romanticism with the international success of his Ossian cycle of poems published in 1762, inspiring both Goethe and the young Walter Scott.

Thomas Chatterton (1752-1770), the first Romantic poet in the English language^.

An early German influence came from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whose 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther had young men throughout Europe emulating its protagonist, a young artist with a very sensitive and passionate temperament. At that time Germany was a multitude of small separate states, and Goethe's works would have a seminal influence in developing a unifying sense of nationalism. Another philosophic influence came from the German idealism of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schelling, making Jena (where Fichte lived, as well as Schelling Hegel, Schiller and the brothers Schlegel) a center for early German romanticism ("Jenaer Romantik"). Important writers were Ludwig Tieck, Novalis (Heinrich von Ofterdingen, 1799),Heinrich von Kleist and Friedrich Hölderlin. Heidelberg later became a center of German romanticism, where writers and poets such as Clemens Brentano, Achim von Arnim, and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff met regularly in literary circles.

Important motifs in German Romanticism are travelling, nature, and ancient myths. The later German Romanticism of, for example, E. T. A. Hoffmann's Der Sandmann (The Sandman), 1817, and Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff's Das Marmorbild (The Marble Statue), 1819, was darker in its motifs and has gothic elements.